Critique Of The Theories Of Muslimness - 1363 Words

Critique of the Theories of Muslimness In this section the aim is to investigate the theories of Muslimness, accusation of unbelief and apostasy. Since, the accusation of unbelief has both theoretical and practical problems in the history of Muslim cultures, it will be presented from the perspective of rational reason and scriptural reason. On the one hand, the problem of Muslimness and accusation of unbelief is based on the view of the majority of Muslim scholars, on the other hand, this issue have always been risky consequences and is still continuing in the present days, which bring insecurity in the modern days in both Islamic countries and non-Muslim lands. For this reason, the origin of accusation and the manner of an encounter†¦show more content†¦It is mentioned in another passage of the Qur’an that† â€Å"There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion† (2:256). Some hadiths that have also been prohibited the Muslim from the accusation of unbelief towards, other Muslim. â€Å"If a Muslim charges a fellow Muslim with kufr, he is himself a kÄ fir, if the accusation should prove untrue†; or the reproach of Kafir is equivalent to murder. In contrary to these verses, there are some other verses about apostasy and unbelief that different sects of Muslim have distinguished interpretation. Based on their differences in interpretations they added various elements as supplementary principles of belief. These additional elements effect on the attitude and viewpoint of Muslim that caused to exclude Muslims from Muslimness and may bring unpleasant behavior that is not acceptable in Islam. This exclusion Muslims each other from Islam have serious consequences and in some cases risky and unsafe effects. The impact of this performance can be found at schism, violence, religious cleansing and terrorist attack in both Muslim lands and at the global level. It also has been affected to issue legal opinions (fatwa) and the Islamic law by religious scholars (‘ulama’ and fuqaha’). For instance, according to the law of apostasy: Every individual of the male sex who, born in the religion of Islam, apostatizes, no longer enjoys the protection of Islam, but is ipso facto condemned to death. His wife should be

Human Rights in Pakistan - 6749 Words

Hamdard University [pic] Hamdard institute of education and social sciences Course title EMERGING ISSUES IN EDUCation Assignment title Human Rights ---- Children rights prepared by madiha abbas INTRODUCTION Maybe were all born knowing we have rights - we just need to be reminded† --- Romanian HRE trainer Human Rights can be defined as those basic standards without which people cannot live in dignity as human beings. Human rights are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace. Their respect allows the individual and the community to fully develop. They are rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. Human rights are certain moral guarantees that people in all countries and cultures allegedly have simply because†¦show more content†¦When we say that each person has human rights, we are also saying that each person has responsibilities to respect the human rights of others. Historical origins and development of the theory and practice of human rights The concept of human rights can be found as far back in time as the age of the Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Their writings on the idea of natural law contain many of the same principles that are associated with human rights. If civilization is to survive, we must cultivate the science of human relationships - the ability of all peoples, of all kinds, to live together, in the same world at peace. --- Franklin D. Roosevelt The Magna Carta (1215) is considered a milestone in the history of human rights and several great thinkers such as Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant talk about the concept. Some religious texts also are said to reflect the principles of human rights. The Rig Veda promotes conduct that is based on equality. Even certain Bible passages have similar content. For instance, in the Old Testament, when the midwives of Pharoah disobey his order to kill all male babies, they do so, on the basis of higher and more fundamental laws that they felt bound to follow. The American and French declarations of independence in the 18th century were important in promoting human rights that were universal, individual and rational. In the 19th century, the abolition of slavery and increased debate over freedom fromShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Of Pakistan And Pakistan Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages December 29, 2016 Subject: Pakistan Studiesâ€Æ' Human Rights in Pakistan Introduction: Human Rights refers to those rights of a person that are inalienable and that are appointed to him by the virtue of being temperament’s somebody’s} personality. These rights are universal and are supported the inherent dignity of groups of people. There rights are thought-about to be in particular the national or legal thought of worldRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesdeclared violence against women both a public health problem and a violation of human rights. Violence against women is of many types and has many faces. Also called Gender-based violence, public health experts around the world have called it the â€Å"Hidden Epidemic†. (ref) Violence against women is an age-old practice but it was only in the last decade of the 20th century that it got recognition as a serious human rights issue. Violence is broadly classified into two categories: Social violence thatRead MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHILD LABOR IN A NIKE FACTORY IN PAKISTAN Abstract This paper especially focuses on the problem of Child Labor in Pakistan with respect to the case of the world-renowned sports brand Nike and its use of children in its factories in Pakistan. 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InternationalRead MoreWomens Right to Vote Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesWomen’s right to voting Right from the Preamble of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948), the â€Å"equal rights of women and men† are mentioned, together with the fundamental human rights, to be reaffirmed by the UN’s member states to form the background for the demonstration of the Declaration (Universal Declaration on Human Rights, 1948). The history of women’s rights can be traced back to the Babylonian law-code (the Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1780 BC) , and then one of the first legally documentedRead MoreIndia s Issue Of Kashmir1558 Words   |  7 Pageswith Pakistan regarding Kashmir’s issue. On the contrary, resolution does not come through military action. According to India, if India is ready to establish Kashmir as a democratic province with all the privileges of an autonomous, there is no guarantee to Kashmir will be under the Indian union. Because there are lots of terrorist groups are fighting against India. Pakistan is supporting them by providing material s as well as financial backing (Schofield, V. 2000). The war between Pakistan andRead MoreThe Importance Of Group Rights On Individual Rights1558 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to group rights in relation to individual rights, individual rights should encompass minority rights. The first question that this essay will focus on is the one asking â€Å"How important are group rights in relation to individual rights?† Let’s say that a group of people are writing a constitution and listing out individual rights for people, kind of like the United States bill of rights. If they encompass what minority groups usually want, then there is no reason to think one is moreRead MoreLife and Pakistan1121 Words   |  5 PagesPakistan displays some of Asia’s most magnificent landscapes as it stretches from the Arabian Sea, its southern border, to some of the world’s most spectacular mountain ranges in the north. Pakistan is also home to sites that date back to word’s earliest settlements rivaling those of ancie nt Egypt and Mesopotamia . When Pakistan emerged on the map of the world as a sovereign and independent state in August 1947, it was like a baby in ICU with hardly any prospect of survival, on account of its extremelyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pageswomen, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights Organization areRead MoreVictims of Rape and Torture in India1272 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, no one has the right to hurt you or torture y ou. Laws like this exist everywhere yet there are women having to face the danger of being attacked at any moment. There are big threats such as rape and other forms of torture that women in certain countries have to live in fear of everyday. Women are targeted all around the world. Two counties in which this problem is very prevalent are India and Pakistan. These two countries are not the only places

Foreign Policy 1776-1807 Dbq Free Essays

During the Washington, Adams, and the Jefferson administrations, the United States was thrust into the decision of joining either Britain or France, the two most powerful European nations. In determining the effects of foreign policy on the developing nation, one must establish the overall direction of the United States took. As a budding nation, George Washington proposed the idea of neutrality in order for the country to have no involvement in European affairs. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Policy 1776-1807 Dbq or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Federalists and Democratic Republicans were outraged by this decision since the Federalists supported the British while the Democratic Republicans supported the French. Neutrality also allowed the United States to temporarily smooth its relations with Europe because of commercial interest. Therefore, neutrality, instead of siding with either Britain or France or through their commercial interests, was the obvious direction taken by foreign policy. After witnessing and being involved in uncontrollable European affairs, the growing nation of the United States concluded that an international policy of neutrality would be the best option in the area of foreign affairs. During his presidency, Washington decided that it was best for America to stay neutral. As stated in his Proclamation of Neutrality that any American providing assistance to any country at war would be punished with legal proceedings (D). He was aware of the possible dangers that would occur when allying with a certain country. The country was too new to enter any wars or deal with wars of foreign countries. â€Å"Europe has a set of primary interests†¦Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns† (J). Even in his farewell address, Washington advised the fledgling nation to not get involved in European affairs or make permanent alliances, to avoid sectionalism, and to not form political parties. After Washington resigned from office, John Adams tried to maintain the position of neutrality as the second president of the United States. He did as much as he could in avoiding war with France. Even before his presidency, in response to a proposed alliance with France, he argued that â€Å"†¦we ought not to enter into any Alliance with her [France], which should entangle Us in any future wars in Europe, that We ought to lay it down as a first principle and a Maxim never to be forgotten, to maintain an entire Neutrality in all future European Wars† (A). However, after the XYZ Affair, in which French agents demanded a large bribe for the restoration of diplomatic relations with the United States, a Quasi War erupted between France and America. The Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine, was a treaty between the United States and France to settle the hostilities that erupted during that war (I). When Thomas Jefferson became president, it was a peaceful transition from Federalist to Democratic Republican. Despite the differences between these political parties, Jefferson also tried to maintain Washington’s idea of neutrality. In his Inaugural Address in 1801, he states â€Å"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists† and that there would be â€Å"Equal and exact justice to all men, friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (K). Even as a last resort to the Louisiana Purchase, he told Monroe to make an alliance with Great Britain if the Louisiana Purchase did not work out. In all three of their presidencies, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson decided that it was best for the new nation to enter a state of neutrality. Despite its neutrality and unwillingness to enter war with the European nations, the United States were being forced to side with either Great Britain or France, Europe’s most powerful nations. During Washington’s presidency, the revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genet, also known as Citizen Genet, to America to propagandize the case for France in the French war against Great Britain, which created the network of Democratic Republicans. Washington demanded the French government recall Genet, and denounced the societies. The United States were in a conflict with Britain, as the British were seizing American ships and impressing sailors. Hamilton and Washington designed the Jay’s Treaty to normalize trade relations with Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution (F). John Jay negotiated and signed the treaty in 1794. However, many disputes rose from this decision. James Madison criticized that the treaty stated to open West India ports to the United States, yet Britain refused to follow these regulations (G). During Adam’s presidency, the XYZ Affair, which was supposed to have been the negotiation between America and France on the seizure of American ships, threw the United States into a Quasi War with the French. In the aftermath of the undeclared naval war with France, the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed, which allowed the president to deport hostile aliens, increased residency requirements for citizenship, and banned criticism of government policies or officials. After the United States’ conflict with France, Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, considered the possibility of an alliance with Britain. While Britain and France were both seizing American ships, Britain had the strongest navy and was thus able to force the American sailors into its navy (M). Jefferson believed that this conflict would cease if the United States agreed to establish an alliance with Britain. Torn between the conflict of siding with either France or Britain, the United States agreed to remain neutral. Although neutrality in the new nation was favored, there was a possibility of joining either Britain or France depending on which one was more financially beneficial. After Jay’s Treaty, which was signed with Great Britain during Washington’s presidency, Spain did not want the United States to side with the British and wanted to smooth its relations with the fledgling country. Pinckney’s Treaty, signed on October 27, 1795, established the intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. The treaty also granted the States use of the Mississippi and right of deposit at New Orleans (H). In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, â€Å"It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind on the Grand Bank†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"The navigation of the river Mississippi, from its source to the ocean, shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States† (E). Thomas Paine stated that commerce would secure the friendship with Europe because Europe wants America to have a free port (B). Jefferson, fearing the power of the neighboring French in the Louisiana Territory, sent Monroe to Paris to negotiate the purchase in 1802. Their interest was only in the port and its environs. They did not anticipate the much larger transfer of territory that would follow. The purchase greatly benefited the United States because it granted them access to the entire Mississippi River. Also, as a result of impressments of American sailors, Jefferson established the Embargo Act of 1807, also known as the Nonintercourse Acts, restricting American ships from engaging in foreign trade between the years 1807 to 1812. Jefferson believed that without trade with the United States, Britain and France would fall into an economic crisis. However, the Europeans nations did not bother with America and traded with other countries, causing the new nation’s economy to fall. This outraged the general public, and when Jefferson left office, these acts were repealed. Commercial interest helped the United States to choose between siding with either of the European nations or remaining neutral. Throughout the Washington, Adams, and Jefferson administrations, Britain and France tried to force the United States into allying with either of the two nations. Although it was tough to maintain, neutrality was established in the country by Washington. The decision brought various problems for the budding nation, but it still stayed strong. How to cite Foreign Policy 1776-1807 Dbq, Papers

Should students have to wear school uniforms free essay sample

There is a keenly debated discussion within Australian schools over whether or not students should have to wear school uniforms. I believe that students should wear uniforms. In my opinion school uniforms can help reduce bullying rates in schools. I also believe that they can bring a sense of equality between students. Given that school uniforms are cost-effective I see no reason why all school students should not be wearing school uniforms. School uniforms can reduce bullying rates in schools. Bullying is a particularly big issue in Australian schools, partly because of the cultural diversity among Australian students. All these cultural groups have values and beliefs that are unique to one another. Often, students tease and bully one another because of their cultural differences. Bullying will often result in students experiencing sadness, anger and even getting involved in fights. I think that wearing uniforms will help students see one another as individuals and as equals, and not judge one another based simply on their culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Should students have to wear school uniforms? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I strongly believe that uniforms can help prevent culture-based bullying. Uniforms can also foster a sense of equality between students. Some students come from wealthy family backgrounds, whereas some students grow up in poorer family environments. Choice of clothing for these poorer students is a big issue as fashion is used by these students as a key status-symbol. Through their fashion they try to be seen as equals to other students. I firmly believe that if all students wear uniforms then status would not be an issue for poorer students. Uniforms will enable all students to focus on their studies. School uniforms are also cost-effective. All students can afford school uniforms. Students who do not wear uniforms have to wear different clothes at least twice a week. This can be a very expensive way of dressing for school. On the other hand, students who wear school uniforms have to purchase uniforms only once in a year. They can wear this uniform every day of the year. In conclusion, I believe that there are many benefits to wearing school uniforms. I believe that they are affordable, that they reduce bullying rates in schools and that they foster a sense of equality in schools. For these reasons I believe that all students should wear uniforms.